JLPT Test N1 in 12/2022
問題1_の言葉の読み方として最もよいものを、1・2・3・4から一つ選びなさい。
I) チームの新しい<u>監督</u>が決まった。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
監督 (かんとく) is the correct reading for the kanji meaning 'director', 'manager', or 'coach'. The sentence means 'The team's new coach has been decided.'
Why other options are incorrect:
This is an incorrect reading for 監督.
This is an incorrect reading for 監督.
This is an incorrect reading for 監督.
2) これは、外国語から<u>派生</u>した言葉です。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
派生 (はせい) is the correct reading for the kanji meaning 'derivation' or 'branching off'. The sentence means 'This is a word derived from a foreign language.'
Why other options are incorrect:
This is an incorrect reading for 派生.
This is an incorrect reading for 派生. 発祥 (はっしょう) means 'origin' or 'birthplace'.
This is an incorrect reading for 派生. 発生 (はっせい) means 'occurrence' or 'outbreak'.
3) 文字が<u>透けて</u>いる。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
透けて (すけて) is the correct reading for the kanji 透ける, meaning 'to be transparent' or 'to show through'. The sentence means 'The letters are showing through (transparent).'
Why other options are incorrect:
This is the reading for ぼける, meaning 'to be blurred' or 'to be senile'.
This is a reading for various kanji like 欠けて (lacking) or 掛けて (hanging/calling).
This is the reading for 抜けて, meaning 'to be missing' or 'to fall out'.
4)この村は湖の<u>恩恵</u>を受けている。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
恩恵 (おんけい) is the correct reading for the kanji meaning 'blessing', 'favor', or 'benefit'. The sentence means 'This village receives benefits from the lake.'
Why other options are incorrect:
This is an incorrect reading for 恩恵.
This is an incorrect reading for 恩恵.
This is an incorrect reading for 恩恵.
5) 厳しい練習に<u>臨む</u>選手たちの姿を目にした。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
臨む (のぞむ) is the correct reading for the kanji meaning 'to face', 'to attend', or 'to be present at'. In this context, it means 'to face' or 'to undertake' a challenge. The sentence means 'I saw the athletes facing rigorous training.'
Why other options are incorrect:
This is the reading for 挑む, meaning 'to challenge' or 'to contend with'.
This is the reading for 励む, meaning 'to strive' or 'to endeavor'.
This is the reading for 悩む, meaning 'to be troubled' or 'to worry'.
6) 調査データは、地球の温暖化を<u>如実に</u>示した。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
如実に (にょじつに) is the correct reading for the kanji meaning 'vividly', 'realistically', or 'as it is'. The sentence means 'The survey data vividly showed global warming.'
Why other options are incorrect:
This is an incorrect reading for 如実に.
This is an incorrect reading for 如実に.
This is an incorrect reading for 如実に.
問題2 ( ) に入れるのに最もよいものを、1・2・3・4から一つ選びなさい。
7) 被害者について報道するときは、仮名を用いてプライバシーを( )している。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
保護 (ほご) means 'protection' or 'safeguarding'. In the context of privacy, it is the most appropriate word. The sentence means 'When reporting about victims, pseudonyms are used to protect their privacy.'
Why other options are incorrect:
防御 (ぼうぎょ) means 'defense' or 'guarding against attack', which is not suitable for privacy.
警備 (けいび) means 'security' or 'guarding (a place)', which is not suitable for privacy.
支援 (しえん) means 'support' or 'aid', which is not the primary action taken for privacy.
8) この模型は、 実際にあった建物を20分の1の大きさで( )再現した物だ。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
忠実に (ちゅうじつに) means 'faithfully' or 'accurately'. When recreating something, 'faithfully reproducing' (忠実に再現する) is the most natural expression. The sentence means 'This model is a faithful reproduction of an actual building at 1/20th scale.'
Why other options are incorrect:
従順に (じゅうじゅんに) means 'obediently' or 'submissively', which is used for people or animals, not for reproducing objects.
厳正に (げんせいに) means 'strictly' or 'impartially', often used in contexts like judging or enforcing rules, not for reproduction accuracy.
均等に (きんとうに) means 'equally' or 'uniformly', referring to distribution or balance, not accuracy of reproduction.
9) 川の水が澄んでいてきれいだったので、両手で( )、顔を洗った。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
すくって (sukutte) is the te-form of 掬う (すくう), meaning 'to scoop up' or 'to ladle'. It fits the action of scooping water with both hands to wash one's face. The sentence means 'The river water was clear and clean, so I scooped it up with both hands and washed my face.'
Why other options are incorrect:
めくって (mekutte) is the te-form of 捲る (めくる), meaning 'to turn over (a page)' or 'to roll up (sleeves)'.
はさんで (hasande) is the te-form of 挟む (はさむ), meaning 'to hold between' or 'to sandwich'.
つまんで (tsumande) is the te-form of 摘む (つむ) or 抓む (つまむ), meaning 'to pinch' or 'to pick (flowers)'.
10) 一生懸命働いて、ついに( )のマイホームを手に入れた。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
念願 (ねんがん) means 'long-cherished wish' or 'earnest desire'. It fits the context of finally achieving a dream home after working hard. The sentence means 'I worked hard and finally obtained my long-cherished dream home.'
Why other options are incorrect:
志望 (しぼう) means 'wish' or 'ambition', often used for academic or career aspirations (e.g., university of choice).
本意 (ほんい) means 'true intention' or 'real motive', not a long-term desire for something.
欲求 (よっきゅう) means 'desire' or 'craving', a more general term for a want, but '念願' implies a deeper, long-term aspiration.
11) きれいな写真を撮るためには、まずカメラの( )を合わせることが大切です。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
ピント (pinto) refers to 'focus' in photography. 合わせる (awaseru) means 'to adjust' or 'to match'. So, ピントを合わせる means 'to focus'. The sentence means 'To take beautiful photos, it's important to first adjust the camera's focus.'
Why other options are incorrect:
ポーズ (pōzu) means 'pose', referring to a posture or position.
カーソル (kāsoru) means 'cursor', referring to the pointer on a computer screen.
テンポ (tenpo) means 'tempo' or 'pace', referring to speed or rhythm.
12) 全国大会は初出場だったが、 厳しい試合を勝ち抜いて何とか上位に( )。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
食い込む (くいこむ) means 'to cut into', 'to dig into', or 'to make inroads into'. In this context, 上位に食い込む means 'to break into the top ranks' or 'to make it into the upper positions'. The sentence means 'It was their first time participating in the national tournament, but they managed to break into the top ranks by winning tough matches.'
Why other options are incorrect:
乗り込む (のりこむ) means 'to get into (a vehicle)' or 'to embark on'.
駆け込む (かけこむ) means 'to rush into' or 'to run into'.
追い込む (おいこむ) means 'to corner' or 'to drive into (a difficult situation)'.
13) 道案内をしてくれたので、( )地元の人かと思ったら、 実は観光客だった。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
てっきり (tekkiri) is an adverb meaning 'surely', 'certainly', or 'without a doubt', often used when one's assumption turns out to be wrong. The sentence means 'Since they guided me, I surely thought they were a local, but they were actually a tourist.'
Why other options are incorrect:
きっぱり (kippari) means 'flatly', 'bluntly', or 'decisively', used when stating something clearly and firmly.
しっかり (shikkari) means 'firmly', 'steadily', or 'reliably', used to describe something solid or dependable.
はっきり (hakkiri) means 'clearly', 'distinctly', or 'plainly', used for clarity of vision, sound, or statement.
問題3__の言葉に意味が最も近いものを、 い2・3・4から一つ選びなさい。
14) 必要な資金を<u>調達</u>した。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
調達 (ちょうたつ) means 'procurement' or 'raising (funds/materials)'. 用意した (よういした) means 'prepared' or 'arranged', which is the closest meaning in this context of obtaining necessary funds. The sentence means 'They procured the necessary funds.'
Why other options are incorrect:
払った (はらった) means 'paid'.
預かった (あずかった) means 'received (and kept)' or 'took custody of'.
返却した (へんきゃくした) means 'returned'.
15) 山田さんは<u>温和な</u>性格だ。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
温和な (おんわな) means 'mild', 'gentle', or 'temperate'. おだやか (odayaka) means 'calm', 'gentle', or 'peaceful', which is the closest in meaning when describing a personality. The sentence means 'Mr. Yamada has a gentle personality.'
Why other options are incorrect:
さわやかな (sawayakana) means 'refreshing' or 'invigorating', often used for weather or feelings.
こまやか (komayaka) means 'delicate', 'detailed', or 'thoughtful', often used for care or feelings.
かろやか (karoyaka) means 'light' or 'airy', often used for movement or feeling.
16) おすすめの<u>スポット</u>を教えてください。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
スポット (spot) is a loanword meaning 'spot' or 'place'. 場所 (ばしょ) means 'place' or 'location', which is the direct equivalent. The sentence means 'Please tell me some recommended spots (places).'
Why other options are incorrect:
商品 (しょうひん) means 'product' or 'goods'.
方法 (ほうほう) means 'method' or 'way'.
時期 (じき) means 'time' or 'season'.
17) 各国のチームの実力は<u>拮抗</u>している。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
拮抗 (きっこう) means 'rivalry', 'contention', or 'being evenly matched'. Therefore, 差がない (さがない) meaning 'there is no difference' or 'they are equal' is the closest meaning. The sentence means 'The teams from each country are evenly matched in strength.'
Why other options are incorrect:
差がある (さがある) means 'there is a difference'.
高くなっている (たかくなっている) means 'is becoming high'.
低くなっている (ひくくなっている) means 'is becoming low'.
18) 住民からの<u>風当たり</u>が相当なものだった。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
風当たり (かぜあたり) literally means 'exposure to wind', but idiomatically it means 'criticism', 'opposition', or 'pressure'. 批判 (ひはん) means 'criticism' or 'judgment', which is the closest meaning. The sentence means 'The criticism from the residents was considerable.'
Why other options are incorrect:
要求 (ようきゅう) means 'demand' or 'request'.
信頼 (しんらい) means 'trust' or 'reliance'.
期待 (きたい) means 'expectation' or 'hope'.
19) カメラは子供たちの<u>あどけない</u>表情を捉えていた。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
あどけない (adokenai) means 'innocent', 'childlike', or 'naive'. 無邪気な (むじゃきな) means 'innocent' or 'simple-minded', which is the closest synonym. The sentence means 'The camera captured the children's innocent expressions.'
Why other options are incorrect:
不安そうな (fuan sō na) means 'anxious-looking' or 'worried-looking'.
真剣な (しんけんな) means 'serious' or 'earnest'.
羨ましそうな (uramayashisō na) means 'envious-looking' or 'enviable'.
問題4 次の言葉の使い方として最もよいものを、 1・2・3・4から一つ選びなさい。
20) <u>出荷</u>
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
出荷 (しゅっか) means 'shipment' or 'dispatch of goods'. Option 3 correctly uses 出荷 in the context of products being sent out, where delays are occurring due to high demand. The sentence means 'Due to popular demand, orders are flooding in, and product shipments are delayed.'
Why other options are incorrect:
出荷 is not used for a famous actor's appearance. The correct word would be 出演 (しゅつえん: appearance/performance).
出荷 is not used for opening a new store. The correct word would be 出店 (しゅってん: opening a branch/store).
出荷 is not used for exhibiting paintings. The correct word would be 出展 (しゅってん: exhibition/display).
21) <u>譲る</u>
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
譲る (ゆずる) means 'to hand over', 'to give way', or 'to concede'. Option 3 correctly uses 譲る in the sense of giving or transferring an item to someone else. The sentence means 'I bought a new TV, so I gave my old TV to a friend.'
Why other options are incorrect:
譲る is not used for delivering newspapers. The correct word would be 配る (くばる: to distribute/deliver).
譲る is not used for returning or handing over a key to a specific place. The correct word would be 渡す (わたす: to hand over/pass).
譲る is not used for turning in a lost item to the police. The correct word would be 届ける (とどける: to deliver/report).
22) <u>底力</u>
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
底力 (そこぢから) means 'latent power', 'hidden strength', or 'reserve strength'. Option 2 correctly uses 底力 to describe someone's hidden ability that emerges in crucial situations. The sentence means 'He is not a prominent presence, but his latent power in important situations is amazing.'
Why other options are incorrect:
底力 is not used for physical strength of a specific body part like arms. The correct word would be 腕力 (わんりょく: arm strength) or 筋力 (きんりょく: muscle strength).
底力 is not used for special abilities like understanding animal language. The correct word would be 能力 (のうりょく: ability) or 才能 (さいのう: talent).
底力 is not used for developing a specific skill like speaking English. The correct word would be 能力 (のうりょく: ability) or 力 (ちから: power/skill).
23) <u>絶大</u>
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
絶大 (ぜつだい) means 'tremendous', 'immense', or 'absolute'. It is often used with abstract nouns like 'popularity', 'trust', or 'support'. Option 4 correctly uses 絶大 to describe an immense level of popularity. The sentence means 'That singer has tremendous popularity among young people.'
Why other options are incorrect:
絶大 is not typically used to describe 'development'. 莫大 (ばくだい: enormous) or 大規模な (だいきぼな: large-scale) would be more appropriate.
絶大 is not used for the physical size of a mountain. 雄大な (ゆうだいな: magnificent) or 巨大な (きょだいな: gigantic) would be more appropriate.
絶大 is not used for the physical size of a fish. 巨大な (きょだいな: gigantic) or 大物 (おおもの: big catch) would be more appropriate.
24) <u>手痛い</u>
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
手痛い (ていたい) means 'painful', 'severe', or 'heavy', often used to describe a significant setback, mistake, or loss. Option 1 correctly uses 手痛い to describe a serious mistake. The sentence means 'I made a painful mistake at work and caused trouble for those around me.'
Why other options are incorrect:
手痛い is not used for physically painful exercise. 激しい (はげしい: intense) or 痛い (いたい: painful) would be more appropriate.
手痛い is not used to describe a harsh winter. 厳しい (きびしい: severe) or 寒い (さむい: cold) would be more appropriate.
手痛い is not used for speed. 速い (はやい: fast) or 驚くべき (おどろくべき: astonishing) would be more appropriate.
25) <u>誘致</u>
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
誘致 (ゆうち) means 'attraction', 'invitation', or 'luring (e.g., businesses, events)'. Option 2 correctly uses 誘致 in the context of attracting factories to revitalize the local economy. The sentence means 'The council decided to attract factories to revitalize the town's economy.'
Why other options are incorrect:
誘致 is not used for guiding cars in a parking lot. 誘導 (ゆうどう: guidance) would be more appropriate.
誘致 is not used for recruiting new employees. 採用 (さいよう: hiring) or 募集 (ぼしゅう: recruitment) would be more appropriate.
誘致 is not used for introducing new teaching methods. 導入 (どうにゅう: introduction/implementation) would be more appropriate.
問題5 次の文の( )に入れるのに最もよいものを、1・2・3・4から一つ選びなさい。
26) このレストランのシェフはまだ20代だが、 著名な料理評論家( )満足させる腕の持ち主であると、テレビや雑誌で評判になっている
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
「~をも」 is a grammatical pattern used to emphasize that something applies even to an unexpected or extreme case. Here, it means 'even a famous food critic'. The sentence means 'Although the chef at this restaurant is still in his 20s, he is reputed in TV and magazines to possess skills that can satisfy even famous food critics.'
Why other options are incorrect:
「とを」 is not a standard grammatical pattern in this context. 「~と」 indicates a partner or comparison, and 「~を」 is a direct object marker, but they don't combine this way to express 'even'.
「にまで」 means 'even to' or 'up to'. While it can express 'even', 「~にまで満足させる」 is less natural than 「~をも満足させる」 when emphasizing the extent of someone's ability to satisfy.
「までが」 means 'even ~' (subject). While it expresses 'even', it marks the subject, but here 著名な料理評論家 is the object of 満足させる (to satisfy). Therefore, 「~をも」 (marking the object) is more appropriate.
27) はっきりと覚えていないが、この町には( )来たことがある。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
いつか (itsuka) means 'sometime' or 'at some point'. It fits the context of not remembering clearly but having visited at an unspecified time in the past. The sentence means 'I don't remember clearly, but I've been to this town sometime before.'
Why other options are incorrect:
また (mata) means 'again' or 'also'. It implies a repeated action or an additional item.
ついに (tsuini) means 'finally' or 'at last', implying a long-awaited outcome.
まもなく (mamonaku) means 'soon' or 'shortly', referring to the near future.
28) (ホームページで)<br>体育館は老朽化のため、本年3月15日( )閉館しました。 長年のご利用、ありがとうございました。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
「~をもって」 is a formal expression meaning 'as of' or 'with (this date/time)'. It indicates the point in time when something ends or begins. The sentence means 'Due to aging, the gymnasium closed as of March 15th of this year. Thank you for your many years of use.'
Why other options are incorrect:
「につき」 means 'due to' or 'per'. It indicates a reason or a rate, not a specific end date.
「に至るまで」 means 'up to' or 'until'. It indicates a range or extent, not a definitive end point.
「を皮切りに」 means 'starting with' or 'beginning with'. It indicates the beginning of a series of events, not an end.
29) 高校に入学して、特に入りたいクラブもなかったので、友人に( )、テニス部に入った。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
「~まま」 means 'as it is' or 'as one is told/invited'. 「誘われるまま」 means 'as I was invited' or 'following the invitation'. It implies doing something without much personal will or thought, simply going along with it. The sentence means 'When I entered high school, I didn't have any particular club I wanted to join, so I joined the tennis club as I was invited by a friend.'
Why other options are incorrect:
「~ようが」 means 'whether ~ or not' or 'even if ~'. It implies indifference or a lack of influence, which doesn't fit the context of joining a club because of an invitation.
「~た上に」 means 'in addition to ~' or 'on top of ~'. It implies an additional factor, but the nuance of 'simply going along' is missing.
「~ない限り」 means 'unless ~' or 'as long as ~ doesn't happen'. This implies a condition for not joining, which is the opposite of the intended meaning.
30) (ホームページで)<br/>当店では、商品に欠陥がある ( )、 返品及び交換はお受けできませんので、あらかじめご了承ください。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
「~場合を除いて」 means 'except in the case of ~'. This is a common phrase for stating exceptions to a rule. The sentence means 'At our store, we cannot accept returns or exchanges except in the case of defective products, so please be aware of this beforehand.'
Why other options are incorrect:
「点に加えて」 means 'in addition to the point that ~'. This implies adding a condition, not stating an exception.
「点を除いて」 means 'excluding the point that ~'. While similar to 'except', 「場合」 (case/situation) is more natural when referring to a specific condition like 'defective products'.
「場合に加えて」 means 'in addition to the case that ~'. This implies adding a condition, not stating an exception.
31) (取引先へのメールで)<br/>来週の打ち合わせの資料をお送りします。 お忙しいとは( )が、 ご確認いただければ幸いです。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
「存じます (ぞんじます)」 is the humble form of 「思います (omoimasu: to think/know)」. It is used to humbly express one's thoughts or knowledge to a superior or client. The phrase 「お忙しいとは存じますが」 means 'I know you are busy, but...' or 'I understand you are busy, but...'. The sentence means 'I am sending you the materials for next week's meeting. I know you are busy, but I would appreciate it if you could confirm them.'
Why other options are incorrect:
「いたします」 is the humble form of 「します (shimasu: to do)」. It is used for one's own actions, not for expressing understanding of someone else's state.
「いらっしゃいます」 is the honorific form of 「います (imasu: to be/exist)」 or 「行きます (ikimasu: to go)」 or 「来ます (kimasu: to come)」. It is used to show respect to the person being spoken about, but it doesn't fit the meaning of 'to think/know'.
「申し上げます (mōshiagemasu)」 is the humble form of 「言います (iimasu: to say)」. It is used for one's own speech, not for expressing understanding of someone else's state.
32) 学生時代はずっとサッカーをしていたのだが、 社会人に ( )、 運動する機会がすっかり減っしてしまった。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
「~てからというもの」 is a grammatical pattern meaning 'ever since ~' or 'from the time ~ happened'. It indicates that a certain state or action has continued uninterrupted since a specific event. The sentence means 'I played soccer all through my student days, but ever since I became a working adult, my opportunities to exercise have completely decreased.'
Why other options are incorrect:
「~てからであっても」 means 'even after ~'. This implies a concession, not a continuous state resulting from an action.
「~たばかりなのか」 means 'is it just that I became ~?' or 'is it because I just became ~?'. This expresses a question or uncertainty, which doesn't fit the definitive statement.
「~たばかりだとして」 means 'even if I just became ~' or 'assuming I just became ~'. This expresses a hypothetical condition, not a factual consequence.
33) 自転車の鍵が見当たらないと思ったら、昨日はいていたズボンのポケットに( )。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
「~っぱなし」 means 'leaving something in a certain state' or 'leaving something undone'. 「入れっぱなしだった」 means 'I had left it in' or 'it was left in'. This fits the situation where the speaker forgot the key was in their pocket. The sentence means 'I couldn't find my bicycle key, and it turned out I had left it in the pocket of the pants I wore yesterday.'
Why other options are incorrect:
「入れたつもり」 means 'I intended to put it in' or 'I thought I had put it in'. This implies a mistaken belief, not the actual state of being left there.
「入れっこなかった」 is not a standard grammatical expression. 「~っこない」 means 'no way' or 'not a chance', so 「入れるっこない」 would mean 'no way I put it in'.
「入れるべきではなかった」 means 'I shouldn't have put it in'. This expresses regret or a judgment, not the factual situation of where the key was found.
34) A「ねえねえ、 北市にできた動物園、 いったんでしょう? あそこ、相当広いらしいね」<br/>B「()、1日じゃ全部回れなかったよ」
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
「~なんてもんじゃない」 is a colloquial expression used to emphasize that something is far beyond the described state, often in a positive or surprising way. Here, it means 'it's not just wide, it's incredibly wide'. The response 'I couldn't see everything in one day' supports this extreme spaciousness. The conversation means: A: 'Hey, you went to the new zoo in Kita City, right? I heard it's quite spacious.' B: 'It's not just spacious, it's incredibly spacious! I couldn't even see everything in one day.'
Why other options are incorrect:
「広くないはずなんだよ」 means 'It shouldn't be wide'. This contradicts the speaker's experience of not being able to see everything in one day.
「広いなんてことはないよ」 means 'It's not that wide'. This also contradicts the speaker's experience.
「広くないわけじゃないんだよ」 means 'It's not that it's not wide' (i.e., it is wide). While it confirms it's wide, it lacks the strong emphasis of 'なんてもんじゃない' that fits the follow-up sentence.
35) 私は昔からバイクが大好きだ。 小さい頃は、よく父のバイクの後ろに( )。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
「~たがる」 expresses a third person's desire. 「乗りたがった」 means 'wanted to ride'. 「~ものだ」 is used to express a past habit or a nostalgic recollection. So, 「乗りたがったものだ」 means 'I used to want to ride (on the back of my father's motorcycle)'. The sentence means 'I've loved motorcycles since I was little. When I was small, I often wanted to ride on the back of my father's motorcycle.'
Why other options are incorrect:
「~ところだ」 indicates a stage or point in time. 「乗りたがったところだ」 doesn't fit the context of a repeated past habit.
「~て欲しがる」 means 'to want someone else to do something'. 「乗って欲しがった」 would mean 'wanted someone else to ride (me)'. This is incorrect as the speaker wanted to ride themselves.
This combines the incorrect 「~て欲しがる」 with 「~ところだ」, making it doubly unsuitable.
問題6 次の文の、_★_に入る最もよいものを、1・2・3・4から一つ選びなさい。
36) 秋の初めてのこの時期は、 真夏の戻った ___ _★_ ___ ___ 、気温の差が大きくて体調を崩しやすいので、注意が必要だ。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
The correct sentence structure is 「真夏の戻ったかのような日もあればひんやりとした日もあり」. The pattern 「~もあれば~もある」 means 'there are times when ~ and there are times when ~' or 'some are ~ and others are ~'. It describes a situation where two contrasting conditions exist. The phrase 「かのような」 means 'as if' or 'like'. So, 「真夏の戻ったかのような日もあれば」 means 'there are days as if summer has returned'. The full sentence means 'In this early autumn period, there are days that feel like summer has returned, and there are also chilly days, so the temperature difference is large and it's easy to get sick, thus caution is needed.' The part that fits into ★ is 「日もあれば」.
Why other options are incorrect:
While 「日もあり」 can be part of a list, it doesn't form the 「~もあれば~もある」 contrasting pattern needed here.
「ひんやりとした」 means 'chilly'. This describes the other type of day, not the connecting phrase for the first part of the contrast.
「かのような」 means 'as if'. While it is part of the correct phrase 「真夏の戻ったかのような」, it is not the part that goes into the ★ slot to complete the grammatical structure.
37) 歴史的価値が高いとされる旧白本小学校の校舎を始めて見たが、 とても ___ ___ _★_ ___ 驚いた。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
The correct sentence structure is 「100年前に建てられたものとは思えないほどの現代的なデザインに」. The pattern 「~とは思えないほどの」 means 'to an extent that one cannot believe ~' or 'so ~ that one wouldn't think ~'. It emphasizes how surprising something is. The full sentence means 'I saw the old Shiramoto Elementary School building, which is said to have high historical value, for the first time, and I was very surprised by its modern design, to an extent that I couldn't believe it was built 100 years ago.' The part that fits into ★ is 「思えないほどの」.
Why other options are incorrect:
「100年前に」 means '100 years ago'. This is a time phrase, not the core grammatical connector for the surprise.
「現代的なデザインに」 means 'to a modern design'. This is the object of the surprise, not the connecting phrase.
「建てられたものとは」 means 'that it was built'. This is part of the phrase 「建てられたものとは思えない」, but it's not the ★ part that completes the degree of surprise.
38) くしゃみや鼻水といった症状が現れる花粉症は、 風邪と___ ___ _★_ ___ ケースもあるそうだ。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
The correct sentence structure is 「症状が似ていることもあって自分は花粉症だという自覚がない」. The pattern 「~という自覚がない」 means 'does not have the self-awareness that ~' or 'does not realize that ~'. The phrase 「~こともあって」 means 'partly because ~' or 'also because ~'. The full sentence means 'Hay fever, which presents symptoms like sneezing and runny nose, sometimes leads to cases where people don't realize they have hay fever, partly because the symptoms resemble those of a cold.' The part that fits into ★ is 「自分は花粉症だという」.
Why other options are incorrect:
「自覚がない」 means 'does not have self-awareness'. This is the final part of the phrase, not the ★ part.
「症状が似ている」 means 'symptoms are similar'. This is the reason for the confusion, but it's not the ★ part that connects to the self-awareness.
「こともあって」 means 'partly because'. This is also part of the reason, but it's not the ★ part that completes the phrase about self-awareness.
39) 高校卒業後の進路について両親に反対されたが、誰に何と___ ___ _★_ ___ 思う。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
The correct sentence structure is 「誰に何と言われようとも自分がこれだと思える道を信じて進みたいと」. The pattern 「~ようとも」 means 'no matter what ~ says/does' or 'even if ~'. 「自分がこれだと思える道」 means 'the path I believe is right for me'. The full sentence means 'My parents opposed my career path after high school graduation, but no matter what anyone says, I want to believe in the path I feel is right for me and proceed.' The part that fits into ★ is 「思える道を」.
Why other options are incorrect:
「信じて進みたいと」 means 'want to believe and proceed'. This is the desired action, not the ★ part that completes the phrase about the path.
「言われようとも」 means 'no matter what is said'. This is the first part of the phrase, not the ★ part.
「自分がこれだと」 means 'that I believe this is it'. This is part of the phrase 「自分がこれだと思える」, but it's not the ★ part that completes the phrase about the path.
40) 企業の海外進出が成功するかどうかは、___ ___ _★_ ___ といってもいいだろう。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
The correct sentence structure is 「その国の事情をよく知る優秀な人材を確保できるか否かにかかっている」. The pattern 「~か否か」 means 'whether or not ~'. 「~にかかっている」 means 'depends on ~'. The full sentence means 'Whether a company's overseas expansion succeeds or not can be said to depend on whether or not they can secure excellent human resources who are well-versed in the circumstances of that country.' The part that fits into ★ is 「か否か」.
Why other options are incorrect:
「優秀な人材を確保できる」 means 'can secure excellent human resources'. This is the action that is being questioned, not the ★ part that forms the 'whether or not' structure.
「にかかっている」 means 'depends on'. This is the concluding phrase, not the ★ part.
「その国の事情をよく知る」 means 'who are well-versed in the circumstances of that country'. This describes the human resources, but it's not the ★ part that forms the 'whether or not' structure.
問題7 次の文章を読んで、文章全体の内容を考えて、 41 から 44 の中に入る最もよいものを、1・2・3・4から一つ選びなさい。
Reading Passage
プリプリ海老
昔に比べてレストランのメニューに修飾語が増えたと感じる。「プリプリ海老の00パスタ」「とろ~りチーズ入りのハンバーグ」「XX 県産のやわらか若鶏の△△」といった感じだ。付加価値や希少価値をアピールして、商品の差別化を図りたいのだろう。
これらの修飾語は[41]食欲を刺激し期待感を高める。でもよくよく考えると、差別化の中身は実にあいまいだ。プリプリ海老の定義は?チーズはみな、とろ~りするのでは?XX県産が品質保証になるのか?
実質的な中身を伴った新商品の開発が困難になっていく高度消費社会では、見せかけの新しさで消費を刺激しようとする傾向が強まる。商品のパッケージを新しくしたり、商品名の変更が頻繁に行われたりするのも[42]消費社会とは、商品の差別化戦略によって中身の空虚な(注1)ネーミング(注2)が氾濫し、消費者がそれに踊らされる世界ではないのか。そのような社会は、私たちの言語感覚[43]変えてしまう可能性がある。商品の差別化競争に終わりがないなら、修飾語こそが肝要になる。つまり、修飾語を伴った呼称がデフォルト(注3)となり、裸の名詞が空虚に感じられるようになるかもしれない。
何十年かすれば、生物としての海老という記号は空洞化して、おいしそうな食材としての修飾語が不可欠な要素となり、「海老」は「プリプリ海老」、「海老のチリソース」は「プリプリ海老のチリソース」と呼ばれているのだろうか。
私たちは、増殖する見せかけの新しさに囲まれながら、 空虚な記号と戯れ続ける(注4)しかないのか?メニューに並ぶ修飾語は、消費社会の遠い未来からの[44]。
(注1) 空虚な: 実質的な意味がない
(注2) ネーミング: 名前を付けること
(注3) デフォルト: 標準
(注4) 戯れ続ける: ここでは、付き合い続ける
English Summary & Annotations
41)
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
The sentence states that these modifiers stimulate appetite and raise expectations, which is a positive effect. The following sentence, however, introduces a contrasting idea: 'But if you think about it carefully, the content of the differentiation is actually vague.' Therefore, a word that confirms the initial positive effect before introducing a counterpoint is needed. 「たしかに (tashika ni)」 means 'certainly' or 'indeed', which fits this context. It acknowledges the truth of the preceding statement before presenting a different perspective. The full phrase would be 「これらの修飾語はたしかに食欲を刺激し期待感を高める。」
Why other options are incorrect:
「むしろ (mushiro)」 means 'rather' or 'instead', used to present an alternative or a preference, which doesn't fit the flow here.
「かえって (kaette)」 means 'on the contrary' or 'rather', used when something turns out to be the opposite of what was expected, which doesn't fit the initial positive statement.
「ようやく (yōyaku)」 means 'at last' or 'finally', indicating something that happens after a long time or effort, which is irrelevant here.
42)
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
The preceding sentence explains that in a highly consumerist society, there's a strong tendency to stimulate consumption with superficial novelty. The sentence with the blank then gives examples of this tendency: changing product packages and names. Therefore, 「そのためだ (sono tame da)」, meaning 'that is why' or 'that is the reason', is the most appropriate connector, indicating that the examples are a consequence of the trend. The full phrase would be 「商品のパッケージを新しくしたり、商品名の変更が頻繁に行われたりするのもそのためだ。」
Why other options are incorrect:
「それ以来だ (sore irai da)」 means 'since then' or 'ever since then', indicating a starting point in time, which doesn't fit the causal relationship here.
「それだけだ (sore dake da)」 means 'that's all' or 'only that', implying a limitation, which doesn't fit the explanation of a reason.
「そのままだ (sono mama da)」 means 'as it is' or 'unchanged', which contradicts the idea of frequent changes.
43)
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
The sentence discusses how such a society has the potential to change 'our language sense'. 「すら (sura)」 is a particle meaning 'even' or 'let alone', used to emphasize an extreme or unexpected case. Here, it emphasizes that even something as fundamental as our language sense could be affected. The full phrase would be 「そのような社会は、私たちの言語感覚すら変えてしまう可能性がある。」
Why other options are incorrect:
「が (ga)」 is a subject marker or a conjunction meaning 'but'. While it could mark the subject, it lacks the emphasis of 'even' that the context implies.
「なら (nara)」 means 'if' or 'in the case of'. It introduces a condition or topic, which doesn't fit the emphasis on 'even'.
「でもって (demotte)」 is a colloquial or slightly archaic way of saying 'by means of' or 'with'. It doesn't fit the meaning of 'even'.
44)
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:
The passage ends with a rhetorical question about whether we are forced to interact with empty symbols, and then concludes with a statement about the modifiers on menus. 「使者 (ししゃ)」 means 'messenger' or 'envoy'. The phrase 「~ようでもある」 means 'it also seems like ~' or 'it can also be seen as ~'. This ending suggests that these modifiers are like messengers from the future of consumer society, hinting at what's to come. The full phrase would be 「メニューに並ぶ修飾語は、消費社会の遠い未来からの使者のようでもある。」
Why other options are incorrect:
「とのことである」 means 'it is said that it is a messenger'. This implies a reported statement, which doesn't fit the author's reflective tone.
「使者だとは言えない」 means 'cannot be said to be a messenger'. This contradicts the implied meaning that they are indeed a sign or message.
「使者にもなり得まい」 means 'it probably cannot even become a messenger'. This expresses a strong negative possibility, which doesn't fit the author's contemplative conclusion.