JLPT N2 Letters and Vocabulary, Grammar Test

N22021/DecemberVocabulary
Q51 Questions
T~77 minutes
S9 Sections

問题1___の言葉の読み方として最もよいものを、1·2·3·4 から一つ選びなさい

4 questions
Question 1

1) 美しい<u>情景</u>が目に浮かんだ。

1.1) じょうけい Correct
2.2) じょけい
3.3) じょうえい
4.4) じょえい
Correct Answer: 1. 1) じょうけい
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

情景 (じょうけい) means 'scene' or 'spectacle'. The sentence means 'A beautiful scene came to mind.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) じょけい

This is an incorrect reading for 情景.

3) じょうえい

This is an incorrect reading for 情景.

4) じょえい

This is an incorrect reading for 情景.

Question 2

2) この世代の人たちはコンピューターの知識が<u>乏しい</u>ように思う。

1.1) くわしい
2.2) とぼしい Correct
3.3) まずしい
4.4) あやしい
Correct Answer: 2. 2) とぼしい
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

乏しい (とぼしい) means 'meager', 'scarce', or 'lacking'. The sentence means 'I think people of this generation lack computer knowledge.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) くわしい

詳しい (くわしい) means 'detailed' or 'well-informed'.

3) まずしい

貧しい (まずしい) means 'poor' or 'needy'.

4) あやしい

怪しい (あやしい) means 'suspicious' or 'dubious'.

Question 3

3) ボランティアでお年寄りの<u>介護</u>をしている。

1.1) かいごう
2.2) かんごう
3.3) かいご Correct
4.4) かんご
Correct Answer: 3. 3) かいご
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

介護 (かいご) means 'nursing' or 'care'. The sentence means 'I am providing care for the elderly as a volunteer.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) かいごう

This is an incorrect reading for 介護.

2) かんごう

This is an incorrect reading for 介護.

4) かんご

看護 (かんご) means 'nursing' (medical care), but 介護 is specifically for general care for the elderly/disabled.

Question 4

4) 今ごろになって<u>焦っても</u>しかたない。

1.1) あせっても Correct
2.2) しかっても
3.3) まよっても
4.4) いのっても
Correct Answer: 1. 1) あせっても
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

焦っても (あせっても) comes from 焦る (あせる), meaning 'to be in a hurry' or 'to be impatient/flustered'. The phrase 焦ってもしかたない means 'It's no use getting flustered now.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) しかっても

叱っても (しかっても) comes from 叱る (しかる), meaning 'to scold'.

3) まよっても

迷っても (まよっても) comes from 迷う (まよう), meaning 'to get lost' or 'to be confused/hesitate'.

4) いのっても

祈っても (いのっても) comes from 祈る (いのる), meaning 'to pray'.

問題 2___の言葉の読み方として最もよいものを、1·2·3·4 から一つ選びなさい

6 questions
Question 5

5) 高速道路の建設については、<u>賛否</u>が分かれた。

1.1) さんふ
2.2) さんぽ
3.3) さんひ
4.4) さんぴ Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) さんぴ
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

賛否 (さんぴ) means 'pros and cons' or 'for and against'. The sentence means 'Opinions were divided regarding the construction of the highway.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) さんふ

This is an incorrect reading for 賛否.

2) さんぽ

This is an incorrect reading for 賛否.

3) さんひ

This is an incorrect reading for 賛否.

Question 6

6) この仕事は、山本さんに<u>まかせて</u>おけば安心です。

1.1) 仕せて
2.2) 担せて
3.3) 任せて Correct
4.4) 但せて
Correct Answer: 3. 3) 任せて
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

任せて (まかせて) comes from 任せる (まかせる), meaning 'to entrust' or 'to leave to'. The correct kanji is 任. The sentence means 'If you leave this job to Mr. Yamamoto, you can rest assured.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 仕せて

仕せる (つかせる) means 'to make someone do' or 'to serve', which doesn't fit the context.

2) 担せて

担せる (かつがせる) means 'to make someone carry' or 'to make someone bear', which doesn't fit the context.

4) 但せて

但せる (ただしせる) is not a common verb and doesn't fit the context.

Question 7

7) 新入生をテニスサークルに<u>かんゆう</u>した。

1.1) 勧誘 Correct
2.2) 勧遊
3.3) 観誘
4.4) 観遊
Correct Answer: 1. 1) 勧誘
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

勧誘 (かんゆう) means 'invitation' or 'solicitation'. The sentence means 'I invited the new students to the tennis club.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) 勧遊

遊 (ゆう) means 'play', so 勧遊 is not the correct kanji combination for 'invitation'.

3) 観誘

観 (かん) means 'view' or 'observe', so 観誘 is not the correct kanji combination.

4) 観遊

観遊 is not a valid word in this context.

Question 8

8) この計画は<u>じゅんちょう</u>に進んでいる。

1.1) 準⻑
2.2) 準調
3.3) 順⻑
4.4) 順調 Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) 順調
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

順調 (じゅんちょう) means 'smoothly' or 'favorably'. The sentence means 'This plan is progressing smoothly.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 準⻑

These kanji do not form the word じゅんちょう in this context. 準 means 'standard', 長 means 'long/chief'.

2) 準調

These kanji do not form the word じゅんちょう in this context. 調 means 'tune/investigate'.

3) 順⻑

These kanji do not form the word じゅんちょう in this context. 順 means 'order', 長 means 'long/chief'.

Question 9

9) 落ち葉が<u>つもった</u>道を歩いた。

1.1) 詰もった
2.2) 満もった
3.3) 占もった
4.4) 積もった Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) 積もった
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

積もった (つもった) comes from 積もる (つもる), meaning 'to pile up' or 'to accumulate'. The sentence means 'I walked on a road covered with fallen leaves.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 詰もった

詰まる (つまる) means 'to be packed' or 'to be blocked', which doesn't fit the context of leaves accumulating.

2) 満もった

満ちる (みちる) means 'to be full' or 'to be filled', which doesn't fit the context of leaves accumulating.

3) 占もった

占める (しめる) means 'to occupy' or 'to hold', which doesn't fit the context.

Question 10

10)この状態が<u>えいきゅう</u>に続くわけではない。

1.1) 延久
2.2) 永久 Correct
3.3) 延及
4.4) 永及
Correct Answer: 2. 2) 永久
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

永久 (えいきゅう) means 'eternity' or 'permanence'. The sentence means 'This situation will not continue forever.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 延久

延 (えん) means 'extend', 久 (きゅう) means 'long time', but 延久 is not the correct word for 'eternity'.

3) 延及

延 (えん) means 'extend', 及 (きゅう) means 'reach', but 延及 is not a valid word in this context.

4) 永及

永 (えい) means 'eternity', 及 (きゅう) means 'reach', but 永及 is not a valid word in this context.

問題 3(　)に入れるのに最もよいものを、1·2·3·4 から一つ選びなさい。

3 questions
Question 11

11) 私も山口さんと(　)意見です。

1.1) 等
2.2) 同 Correct
3.3) 共
4.4) 似
Correct Answer: 2. 2) 同
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

同 (どう) is used in compounds like 同意見 (どういけん), meaning 'the same opinion'. The sentence means 'I have the same opinion as Mr. Yamaguchi.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 等

等 (とう) means 'etc.' or 'equal', but doesn't form a natural compound with 意見 in this context.

3) 共

共 (きょう) means 'together' or 'both', but doesn't form a natural compound with 意見 in this context.

4) 似

似 (じ) means 'similar', but 似意見 is not a common phrase. 同意見 is the correct expression.

Question 12

12) このバナナは甘い香りがするので、そろそろ食べ(　)ですよ。

1.1) 頃 Correct
2.2) 期
3.3) 刻
4.4) 節
Correct Answer: 1. 1) 頃
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

食べ頃 (たべごろ) means 'best time to eat'. 頃 (ころ/ごろ) refers to a suitable time or period. The sentence means 'This banana has a sweet aroma, so it's about time to eat it.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) 期

期 (き) refers to a period or term, but not typically used in 食べ期.

3) 刻

刻 (こく) refers to a moment or engraving, not suitable here.

4) 節

節 (せつ) refers to a season, section, or joint, not suitable here.

Question 13

13)本登録の前に、まずは(　)登録を行ってください。

1.1) 先
2.2) 予
3.3) 仮 Correct
4.4) 近
Correct Answer: 3. 3) 仮
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

仮 (かり) means 'temporary' or 'provisional'. 仮登録 (かりとうろく) means 'pre-registration' or 'temporary registration'. The sentence means 'Before official registration, please complete the provisional registration first.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 先

先 (さき) means 'ahead' or 'previous', but doesn't form a common compound like 先登録.

2) 予

予 (よ) means 'pre-' or 'in advance', but 予登録 is not the standard term for provisional registration. 予約 (よやく) is 'reservation'.

4) 近

近 (きん) means 'near', not suitable here.

問題 4( )に入れるのに最もよいものを、1·2·3·4 から一つ選びなさい

7 questions
Question 14

14) 学生のころ、宿題は(　)になってからやることが多かった。

1.1) びりびり
2.2) ばりばり
3.3) ぎりぎり Correct
4.4) じりじり
Correct Answer: 3. 3) ぎりぎり
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

ぎりぎり means 'just barely', 'at the last minute', or 'to the limit'. ぎりぎりになってから means 'only when it's just barely in time'. The sentence means 'When I was a student, I often did my homework at the very last minute.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) びりびり

びりびり describes a tearing sound or a tingling sensation.

2) ばりばり

ばりばり describes a crunching sound or working energetically.

4) じりじり

じりじり describes a slow, gradual movement or a scorching heat.

Question 15

15)生命保険を(　)したいので、手続きを教えてください。

1.1) 廃止
2.2) 解約 Correct
3.3) 中止
4.4) 解消
Correct Answer: 2. 2) 解約
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

解約 (かいやく) means 'cancellation of a contract'. It is the appropriate word for canceling insurance. The sentence means 'I want to cancel my life insurance, so please tell me the procedures.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 廃止

廃止 (はいし) means 'abolition' or 'repeal', typically used for systems, laws, or institutions.

3) 中止

中止 (ちゅうし) means 'suspension' or 'discontinuation', often for events or ongoing activities.

4) 解消

解消 (かいしょう) means 'dissolution' or 'resolution', used for problems, doubts, or relationships.

Question 16

16) 私たちは、お客様の(　)に対応したサービスを提供しています

1.1) ニーズ Correct
2.2) ストライキ
3.3) セールス
4.4) エコノミー
Correct Answer: 1. 1) ニーズ
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

ニーズ (niizu) is a loanword from English 'needs'. It means 'customer needs' or 'demands'. The sentence means 'We provide services that respond to our customers' needs.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) ストライキ

ストライキ (sutoraiki) means 'strike' (labor strike).

3) セールス

セールス (seeruusu) means 'sales'.

4) エコノミー

エコノミー (ekonomii) means 'economy'.

Question 17

17)来年ここに新しい支店を(　)することが決まった

1.1) 創造
2.2) 形成
3.3) 工作
4.4) 開設 Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) 開設
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

開設 (かいせつ) means 'establishment' or 'opening' (of a facility, branch, etc.). The sentence means 'It has been decided to open a new branch here next year.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 創造

創造 (そうぞう) means 'creation' (e.g., of art, new ideas).

2) 形成

形成 (けいせい) means 'formation' or 'shaping' (e.g., of a group, character).

3) 工作

工作 (こうさく) means 'handicraft' or 'maneuvering'.

Question 18

18) 卒業パーティーには、ちゃんとした(　)で行ったほうがいいのかな。

1.1) 様子
2.2) 容姿
3.3) 外見
4.4) 格好 Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) 格好
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

格好 (かっこう) means 'appearance', 'figure', or 'outfit'. ちゃんとした格好 means 'proper attire'. The sentence means 'I wonder if I should go to the graduation party in proper attire.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 様子

様子 (ようす) means 'state', 'appearance', or 'situation', but not typically used for one's outfit in this context.

2) 容姿

容姿 (ようし) refers to one's physical appearance or looks, often implying beauty.

3) 外見

外見 (がいけん) means 'outward appearance' or 'external appearance', but 格好 is more natural for 'attire' or 'dress'.

Question 19

19)店が忙しいときは臨時にアルバイトを(　)いる。

1.1) つかんで
2.2) ふくんで
3.3) やとって Correct
4.4) かせいで
Correct Answer: 3. 3) やとって
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

雇って (やとって) comes from 雇う (やとう), meaning 'to employ' or 'to hire'. The sentence means 'When the shop is busy, we temporarily hire part-time workers.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) つかんで

掴んで (つかんで) comes from 掴む (つかむ), meaning 'to grasp' or 'to seize'.

2) ふくんで

含んで (ふくんで) comes from 含む (ふくむ), meaning 'to include' or 'to contain'.

4) かせいで

稼いで (かせいで) comes from 稼ぐ (かせぐ), meaning 'to earn money'.

Question 20

20)誰にも言えずにずっと悩んでいたが、昨日親友に(　)相談してみた。

1.1) 思いきって Correct
2.2) うっかり
3.3) せっかく
4.4) 知らず知らず
Correct Answer: 1. 1) 思いきって
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

思いきって (omoikitte) means 'boldly', 'daringly', or 'with resolve'. It implies taking a decisive step after hesitation. The sentence means 'I had been worrying about it for a long time, unable to tell anyone, but yesterday I boldly consulted my best friend.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) うっかり

うっかり means 'carelessly' or 'by accident'.

3) せっかく

せっかく means 'with much trouble' or 'at great pains', often used when something is wasted or an opportunity is missed.

4) 知らず知らず

知らず知らず means 'unconsciously' or 'without knowing it'.

問題5 の言葉に意味が最も近いものを、1·2·3·4から一つ選びなさい

5 questions
Question 21

21)私の会社は<u>最寄り</u>の駅から歩いて 15 分です。

1.1) 一番大きい
2.2) 一番近い Correct
3.3) 終点の
4.4) 始発の
Correct Answer: 2. 2) 一番近い
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

最寄り (もより) means 'nearest' or 'closest'. Therefore, '一番近い' (ichiban chikai) which means 'closest' is the best synonym. The sentence means 'My company is a 15-minute walk from the nearest station.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 一番大きい

一番大きい means 'biggest'.

3) 終点の

終点の means 'at the last stop' or 'terminal'.

4) 始発の

始発の means 'first train/bus' or 'starting point'.

Question 22

22)演奏会で着るドレスは、いつも近所の店で<u>レンタルして</u>います。

1.1) 作って
2.2) 買って
3.3) 直して
4.4) 借りて Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) 借りて
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

レンタルして (rentaru shite) comes from レンタルする, a loanword meaning 'to rent'. 借りて (karite) comes from 借りる (kariru), meaning 'to borrow' or 'to rent'. These are synonyms in this context. The sentence means 'I always rent the dress I wear for concerts from a nearby shop.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 作って

作って comes from 作る (tsukuru), meaning 'to make'.

2) 買って

買って comes from 買う (kau), meaning 'to buy'.

3) 直して

直して comes from 直す (naosu), meaning 'to fix' or 'to repair'.

Question 23

23)村上んはほかの人に<u>指図</u>されるのが嫌いだそうだ。

1.1) 命令 Correct
2.2) 反対
3.3) 注意
4.4) 自慢
Correct Answer: 1. 1) 命令
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

指図 (さしず) means 'instruction', 'direction', or 'order'. 命令 (めいれい) means 'order' or 'command'. These are the closest in meaning. The sentence means 'I heard that Mr. Murakami dislikes being ordered around by others.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) 反対

反対 (はんたい) means 'opposition' or 'disagreement'.

3) 注意

注意 (ちゅうい) means 'caution' or 'warning'.

4) 自慢

自慢 (じまん) means 'boasting' or 'pride'.

Question 24

24)この時期に旅行するなら、かさは<u>欠かせない</u>。

1.1) ないといい
2.2) あるとじゃまだ
3.3) ないと困る Correct
4.4) あると便利だ
Correct Answer: 3. 3) ないと困る
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

欠かせない (かかせない) means 'indispensable' or 'essential'. It implies that something is absolutely necessary and you would be in trouble without it. Therefore, 'ないと困る' (naito komaru), meaning 'you'd be in trouble without it', is the closest meaning. The sentence means 'If you travel during this season, an umbrella is indispensable.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) ないといい

ないといい means 'it would be good if there wasn't'.

2) あるとじゃまだ

あるとじゃまだ means 'it would be a nuisance if there was'.

4) あると便利だ

あると便利だ means 'it would be convenient if there was', which is a weaker statement than 'indispensable'.

Question 25

25) 雨は<u>依然</u>強かった。

1.1) 確かに
2.2) まだ Correct
3.3) 意外に
4.4) とても
Correct Answer: 2. 2) まだ
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

依然 (いぜん) means 'still', 'as before', or 'as ever'. まだ (mada) also means 'still' or 'yet'. These are the closest in meaning. The sentence means 'The rain was still strong.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 確かに

確かに (tashika ni) means 'certainly' or 'surely'.

3) 意外に

意外に (igai ni) means 'surprisingly' or 'unexpectedly'.

4) とても

とても (totemo) means 'very' or 'extremely'.

問題 6次の言葉の使い方として最もよいものを、1·2·3·4 から一つ選びなさい。

5 questions
Question 26

26) <u>栽培</u>

1.1) 両親は牧場で牛を<u>栽培</u>して、チーズを作っています
2.2) 私は今、生まれて半年の赤ちやんを<u>栽培</u>しています
3.3) 庭で見つけた虫の卵を<u>栽培</u>して、観察日記を書いた。
4.4) この畑では、農薬を使わずに野菜を<u>栽培</u>しています。 Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) この畑では、農薬を使わずに野菜を<u>栽培</u>しています。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

栽培 (さいばい) means 'cultivation' or 'growing' (of plants). Option 4 correctly uses 栽培 to refer to growing vegetables without pesticides. The sentence means 'In this field, we cultivate vegetables without using pesticides.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 両親は牧場で牛を<u>栽培</u>して、チーズを作っています

栽培 is for plants, not animals. For animals, 飼育 (しいく) 'raising' or 飼う (かう) 'to keep/raise' would be used.

2) 私は今、生まれて半年の赤ちやんを<u>栽培</u>しています

栽培 is for plants, not babies. 育てる (そだてる) 'to raise' or 養育 (よういく) 'nurturing' would be used for a baby.

3) 庭で見つけた虫の卵を<u>栽培</u>して、観察日記を書いた。

栽培 is for plants, not insect eggs. 育てる (そだてる) 'to raise' or 孵化させる (ふかさせる) 'to hatch' would be more appropriate.

Question 27

27) <u>急激</u>

1.1) イベントの開催日が近くなり、準備が<u>急激</u>に進められている。
2.2) 新しい駅ができて、市の人口が<u>急激</u>に増加している。 Correct
3.3) このパンは非常に人気があり、朝 8 時に開店すると<u>急激</u>に売れていく
4.4) 松田選手が現れると、フアンの人たちが<u>急激</u>に取り囲んだ。
Correct Answer: 2. 2) 新しい駅ができて、市の人口が<u>急激</u>に増加している。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

急激 (きゅうげき) means 'sudden' or 'rapid'. It describes a drastic change or increase/decrease. Option 2 correctly uses 急激 to describe a rapid increase in population. The sentence means 'With the new station, the city's population is rapidly increasing.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) イベントの開催日が近くなり、準備が<u>急激</u>に進められている。

急激 is too strong for 'preparation progressing rapidly'. 急速 (きゅうそく) 'rapid' or どんどん 'quickly' would be more natural.

3) このパンは非常に人気があり、朝 8 時に開店すると<u>急激</u>に売れていく

急激 is not typically used for how quickly items sell. 飛ぶように (tobu you ni) 'like hotcakes' or あっという間に (atto iu ma ni) 'in a flash' would be more natural.

4) 松田選手が現れると、フアンの人たちが<u>急激</u>に取り囲んだ。

急激 is not typically used for how people surround someone. 一斉に (issei ni) 'all at once' or 殺到した (sattou shita) 'rushed' would be more natural.

Question 28

28) <u>漏れる</u>

1.1) ジュースを注ぎすぎて、コップから<u>漏れて</u>しまった。
2.2) 転んでしまって、ひざから血が<u>漏れてきた</u>。
3.3) 水道管に穴があいているのか、水が<u>漏れてきている</u>。 Correct
4.4) 悲しい映面を見たせいで、涙が<u>漏れてきた</u>。
Correct Answer: 3. 3) 水道管に穴があいているのか、水が<u>漏れてきている</u>。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

漏れる (もれる) means 'to leak' or 'to escape'. It is commonly used for liquids or gas escaping from a container or pipe. Option 3 correctly uses 漏れる to describe water leaking from a pipe. The sentence means 'Is there a hole in the water pipe? Water is leaking.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) ジュースを注ぎすぎて、コップから<u>漏れて</u>しまった。

When a liquid overflows from a cup, 溢れる (こぼれる) 'to spill/overflow' is used, not 漏れる.

2) 転んでしまって、ひざから血が<u>漏れてきた</u>。

When blood comes out from a wound, 出る (でる) 'to come out' or 滲む (にじむ) 'to seep' is used, not 漏れる.

4) 悲しい映面を見たせいで、涙が<u>漏れてきた</u>。

When tears come out, 溢れる (あふれる) 'to overflow' or 流れる (ながれる) 'to flow' is used, not 漏れる.

Question 29

29) <u>傾向</u>

1.1) ファッション誌によると、今年は⻩色が<u>傾向</u>するそうだ。
2.2) 最近では、家族がばらばらに食事をする<u>傾向</u>がある。 Correct
3.3) 姉は日本文学の研究に<u>傾向</u>している。
4.4) この坂は<u>傾向</u>がきつくて、自転車だとつらい。
Correct Answer: 2. 2) 最近では、家族がばらばらに食事をする<u>傾向</u>がある。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

傾向 (けいこう) means 'tendency' or 'trend'. Option 2 correctly uses 傾向 to describe a trend of families eating separately. The sentence means 'Recently, there is a tendency for families to eat meals separately.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) ファッション誌によると、今年は⻩色が<u>傾向</u>するそうだ。

傾向する is not a natural verb phrase. 流行する (ryuukou suru) 'to be in fashion' or 人気がある (ninki ga aru) 'to be popular' would be more appropriate.

3) 姉は日本文学の研究に<u>傾向</u>している。

傾向している is not used for personal inclination towards a field of study. 傾倒している (keitou shiteiru) 'to be devoted to' or 打ち込んでいる (uchikondeiru) 'to be absorbed in' would be more appropriate.

4) この坂は<u>傾向</u>がきつくて、自転車だとつらい。

傾向 is not used for the steepness of a slope. 傾斜 (keisha) 'slope' or 勾配 (koubai) 'gradient' would be used.

Question 30

30) <u>さっさと</u>

1.1) いつまでもテレビを見てないで、<u>さっさと</u>宿題をしなさい。 Correct
2.2) 雷が鳴り出したと思ったら、<u>さっさと</u>雨が降り出した。
3.3) <u>さっさと</u>着くので、もう少しそこで待っていてください
4.4) 買ってまだ一週間なのに、<u>さっさと</u>壊れた。
Correct Answer: 1. 1) いつまでもテレビを見てないで、<u>さっさと</u>宿題をしなさい。
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

さっさと means 'quickly', 'promptly', or 'without delay'. It implies doing something quickly and efficiently. Option 1 correctly uses さっさと to urge someone to do their homework quickly. The sentence means 'Don't watch TV forever, do your homework quickly.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) 雷が鳴り出したと思ったら、<u>さっさと</u>雨が降り出した。

さっさと is not used for natural phenomena like rain starting. すぐに (sugu ni) 'immediately' or あっという間に (atto iu ma ni) 'in a flash' would be more natural.

3) <u>さっさと</u>着くので、もう少しそこで待っていてください

さっさと is not used for arriving quickly. すぐに (sugu ni) 'soon' or 間もなく (mamonaku) 'shortly' would be more natural.

4) 買ってまだ一週間なのに、<u>さっさと</u>壊れた。

さっさと is not used for something breaking quickly after purchase. もう (mou) 'already' or あっという間に (atto iu ma ni) 'in a flash' would be more natural.

間題 7 次の文の( )に入れるのに最もよいものを、1234 から一つ選びなさい。

12 questions
Question 31

31) A「田中さんに話があるんだけど、今、会議中?」<br>B「うん。」<br>A「じゃあ、会議が終わるのを待つ( )ないわ。」

1.1) しか Correct
2.2) だけ
3.3) まで
4.4) さえ
Correct Answer: 1. 1) しか
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

～しかない (shika nai) means 'have no choice but to' or 'can only'. It expresses that there is no other option. The sentence means 'A: I need to talk to Mr. Tanaka, is he in a meeting now? B: Yes. A: Well then, I have no choice but to wait for the meeting to end.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) だけ

だけ means 'only', but 待つだけない is grammatically incorrect in this context.

3) まで

まで means 'until', but 待つまでない is grammatically incorrect in this context.

4) さえ

さえ means 'even' or 'if only', but 待つさえない is grammatically incorrect in this context.

Question 32

32) この道路拡張計画を( )にあたっては、市⺠の皆様のご理解が必要です。

1.1) 進めた
2.2) 進める Correct
3.3) 進めたい
4.4) 進めよう
Correct Answer: 2. 2) 進める
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

～にあたって (ni atatte) means 'when doing X' or 'on the occasion of X'. It connects to the dictionary form of a verb. 進める (susumeru) is the dictionary form of 'to proceed with' or 'to advance'. The sentence means 'In proceeding with this road expansion plan, the understanding of all citizens is necessary.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 進めた

進めた is the past tense, which doesn't fit the grammar pattern ～にあたって.

3) 進めたい

進めたい means 'want to proceed', which doesn't fit the grammar pattern ～にあたって.

4) 進めよう

進めよう is the volitional form, which doesn't fit the grammar pattern ～にあたって.

Question 33

33) 今日の試合は大雪で延期になった。( )この時期に大雪になるとは思わなかった。

1.1) 一体
2.2) 二度と
3.3) まさか Correct
4.4) かえって
Correct Answer: 3. 3) まさか
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

まさか means 'by no means', 'it can't be', or 'I never thought'. It expresses strong disbelief or surprise. The sentence means 'Today's game was postponed due to heavy snow. I never thought there would be heavy snow at this time of year.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 一体

一体 (ittai) means 'what on earth' or 'how in the world', used to express strong doubt or exasperation.

2) 二度と

二度と (nido to) means 'never again' (with negative verb).

4) かえって

かえって (kaette) means 'on the contrary' or 'rather'.

Question 34

34)水泳クラブの山田コーチは、私たちにとってコーチ( )兄のような存在です。

1.1) に限らず
2.2) なしには
3.3) のおかげで
4.4) というより Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) というより
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

～というより (to iu yori) means 'rather than X, Y' or 'more like Y than X'. It is used to correct or refine a previous statement. The sentence means 'Coach Yamada of the swimming club is more like an older brother to us than just a coach.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) に限らず

に限らず means 'not limited to' or 'not only'.

2) なしには

なしには means 'without X, Y cannot happen'.

3) のおかげで

のおかげで means 'thanks to X' (positive result).

Question 35

35)X 社の健康食品はテレビ番組で紹介( )以来、とても売れている。

1.1) されて Correct
2.2) される
3.3) されている
4.4) された
Correct Answer: 1. 1) されて
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

～て以来 (te irai) means 'since X happened'. It connects to the te-form of a verb. 紹介されて (shoukai sarete) is the te-form of 紹介される (shoukai sareru), the passive form of 'to introduce/feature'. The sentence means 'Since X Company's health food was featured on a TV program, it has been selling very well.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) される

される is the dictionary form, not the te-form required before 以来.

3) されている

されている is the te-form of されている, which is already in the progressive/state form, making it redundant or unnatural with 以来.

4) された

された is the past tense, not the te-form required before 以来.

Question 36

36) (店で)<br> A「このシャツ、かわいい。でも、会社に着ていくには派手かな。」<br>B「うん。デートで着る( )、仕事には派手すぎるよ。」

1.1) にしては
2.2) としたら
3.3) ならともかく Correct
4.4) からとはいえ
Correct Answer: 3. 3) ならともかく
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

～ならともかく (nara tomokaku) means 'leaving X aside, Y' or 'X is one thing, but Y'. It implies that X might be acceptable, but Y is definitely not. The sentence means 'A: This shirt is cute. But is it too flashy to wear to work? B: Yeah. It might be okay for a date, but it's too flashy for work.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) にしては

にしては means 'for X (it's surprisingly Y)' or 'considering X'. It implies a discrepancy.

2) としたら

としたら means 'if X is the case' or 'supposing X'. It introduces a hypothetical situation.

4) からとはいえ

からとはいえ means 'even though X' or 'although X'. It expresses a concession.

Question 37

37) 娘は、社会人( )朝一人で起きられない。私が起こさないといつまでも寝ている。

1.1) にもなって Correct
2.2) にもなれば
3.3) にでもなって
4.4) にでもなれば
Correct Answer: 1. 1) にもなって
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

～にもなって (ni mo natte) means 'even though one has become X' or 'despite being X'. It expresses surprise or disappointment that something is not as expected given one's status or age. The sentence means 'My daughter, even though she's an adult (working member of society), can't wake up by herself in the morning. She'll sleep forever unless I wake her up.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) にもなれば

にもなれば means 'if one becomes X' or 'when one reaches X', implying a natural consequence or expectation, which doesn't fit the tone of disappointment.

3) にでもなって

にでもなって is not a standard grammatical pattern in this context.

4) にでもなれば

にでもなれば is not a standard grammatical pattern in this context.

Question 38

38) 友達は、お茶でうがいを( )、風邪をひかなくなったらしい。私も始めてみようと思う。

1.1) しようとすれば
2.2) しようとしたことで
3.3) するようにすれば
4.4) するようにしたことで Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) するようにしたことで
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

～ようにしたことで (you ni shita koto de) means 'by making an effort to do X' or 'by making it a habit to do X'. It indicates that a positive result was achieved by intentionally doing something. The sentence means 'My friend apparently stopped catching colds by making a habit of gargling with tea. I think I'll start doing it too.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) しようとすれば

しようとすれば means 'if one tries to do X', implying a condition, not a completed action leading to a result.

2) しようとしたことで

しようとしたことで means 'by having tried to do X', which implies an attempt, not necessarily a continuous effort or habit.

3) するようにすれば

するようにすれば means 'if one makes an effort to do X', implying a condition for a future result, not a past action that led to a result.

Question 39

39) 彼女があのとき何を考えていたのか知りたいけれど、今はもう会うこともないので、( )。

1.1) 確かめかねない
2.2) 確かめるほかない
3.3) 確かめようがない Correct
4.4) 確かめるわけではない
Correct Answer: 3. 3) 確かめようがない
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

～ようがない (you ga nai) means 'there's no way to do X' or 'it's impossible to do X'. It expresses that there is no method or means to perform an action. The sentence means 'I want to know what she was thinking at that time, but since I can't meet her anymore, there's no way to confirm it.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 確かめかねない

かねない (kanenai) means 'might do X' or 'could easily do X' (often with a negative connotation), which doesn't fit the context of impossibility.

2) 確かめるほかない

ほかない (hoka nai) means 'have no choice but to do X', implying that it's the only option, but here it's about the impossibility of confirming.

4) 確かめるわけではない

わけではない (wake de wa nai) means 'it's not that X' or 'it doesn't mean X', which expresses partial negation, not impossibility.

Question 40

40) (不動産屋で)<br> 店員「お客様、本日いくつかのお部屋を( )が、ご希望に合うお部屋はごさいましたか。<br>客「最初の部屋がいいなと思ったんですが、ちょっと検討させてください。」

1.1) 参りました
2.2) 拝見しました
3.3) お越しいただきました
4.4) ご覧いただきました Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) ご覧いただきました
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

ご覧いただきました (goran itadakimashita) is a humble expression meaning 'I had you look at' or 'you were shown'. It's the polite way for the staff to refer to the customer having viewed the rooms. The sentence means 'Staff: Sir/Madam, we showed you several rooms today, did you find a room that meets your preferences? Customer: I thought the first room was good, but please let me consider it for a bit.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 参りました

参りました is the humble form of 行く (iku) 'to go' or 来る (kuru) 'to come'. It means 'I went/came', not 'I showed you'.

2) 拝見しました

拝見しました is the humble form of 見る (miru) 'to see'. It means 'I saw' or 'I looked at', used by the speaker about their own action, not the customer's.

3) お越しいただきました

お越しいただきました means 'you came' (honorific). While polite, it doesn't fit the context of showing rooms.

Question 41

41) カレーを大量に作りすぎて、一人では食べ( )と思ったので、友人をよんで食べた。

1.1) 切れるかもしれない
2.2) 切れそうにない Correct
3.3) かねないだろう
4.4) かねないようだ
Correct Answer: 2. 2) 切れそうにない
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

食べ切れそうにない (tabekiresou ni nai) means 'it doesn't look like I can finish eating it' or 'it seems impossible to finish eating it'. ～切れる (kireru) means 'to finish doing something completely', and ～そうにない (sou ni nai) means 'it doesn't look like X will happen'. The sentence means 'I made too much curry and thought I wouldn't be able to finish it alone, so I invited a friend and ate it.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 切れるかもしれない

切れるかもしれない means 'might be able to finish', which contradicts the action of inviting a friend because there's too much.

3) かねないだろう

かねない (kanenai) means 'might do X' (often with a negative connotation), and 食べかねない means 'might eat it' (in a negative sense), which doesn't fit. Also, だろう makes it a conjecture.

4) かねないようだ

かねないようだ also means 'it seems like X might happen' (negative), which doesn't fit the context of not being able to finish.

Question 42

42) 最近は毎月決まった金額でかけ放題の国際電話サービスがある。私が留学していたときにもそんなサービスがあったら( )。

1.1) どれだけよかった
2.2) どれだけよかったか Correct
3.3) どうしてもよかった
4.4) どうしてもよかったか
Correct Answer: 2. 2) どれだけよかったか
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

どれだけよかったか (dore dake yokatta ka) is an expressive phrase meaning 'how wonderful it would have been!' or 'I wish X had happened!'. It conveys a strong feeling of regret or longing for something that didn't happen. The sentence means 'Recently, there's an international call service with unlimited calls for a fixed monthly fee. If such a service had existed when I was studying abroad, how wonderful it would have been!'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) どれだけよかった

While similar, the particle か is essential for this expressive, exclamatory nuance.

3) どうしてもよかった

どうしても means 'no matter what' or 'by all means', which doesn't fit the meaning of 'how wonderful it would have been'.

4) どうしてもよかったか

Combines the incorrect どうしても with the exclamatory か.

問題 8次の文の _★_ に入る最もよいものを、1·2·3·4 から一つ選びなさい

5 questions
Question 43

43) もう酒は飲まないと ___ _★_ ___ ___ 絶対に守りたい。

1.1) 決めた
2.2) どんなに
3.3) 以上は Correct
4.4) 勧誘れても
Correct Answer: 3. 3) 以上は
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

The correct order is: 決めた <u>以上は</u> どんなに 勧誘されても. The grammar point is ～以上は (ijou wa), meaning 'now that X has happened' or 'since X is the case'. It implies that a certain action or consequence is natural or obligatory. The full sentence means 'Now that I've decided not to drink alcohol anymore, I absolutely want to stick to it, no matter how much I'm invited.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 決めた

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

2) どんなに

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

4) 勧誘れても

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

Question 44

44) 必要のない物でも、欲しくなると ___ ___ _★_ ___ しまう。

1.1) 買わずには
2.2) すぐ買って
3.3) いられなく
4.4) なって Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) なって
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

The correct order is: 買わずには いられなく <u>なって</u> すぐ買って. The grammar point is ～ずにはいられない (zu ni wa irarenai), meaning 'cannot help but do X' or 'cannot resist doing X'. The full sentence means 'Even for things I don't need, once I want them, I can't help but buy them immediately.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 買わずには

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

2) すぐ買って

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

3) いられなく

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

Question 45

45) パンコンの電源を入れたのだが、画面に「お待ちください」という ___ ___ _★_ ___ 電源を入れ直した。

1.1) 待っても Correct
2.2) 何分
3.3) メッセージが出たまま
4.4) 先に進まないので
Correct Answer: 1. 1) 待っても
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

The correct order is: メッセージが出たまま 何分 <u>待っても</u> 先に進まないので. The grammar point is ～ても (te mo), meaning 'even if' or 'no matter how much'. The full sentence means 'I turned on the computer, but the message 'Please wait' remained on the screen, and no matter how many minutes I waited, it didn't proceed, so I restarted the power.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) 何分

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

3) メッセージが出たまま

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

4) 先に進まないので

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

Question 46

46) (電話で)<br> A「すみません、来週の 2 時からの会議ですが、その時間、別の用件が入ってしまいまして、もしそちらのご都合が ___ ___ _★_ ___ 、いかがでしょうか。」<br>B「こちらは大丈夫ですよ。」

1.1) ありがたいんですが
2.2) 変更していただけると Correct
3.3) 4時以降に
4.4) よろしければ
Correct Answer: 2. 2) 変更していただけると
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

The correct order is: よろしければ 4時以降に <u>変更していただけると</u> ありがたいんですが. The grammar point is ～ていただけるとありがたいんですが (te itadakeru to arigatai n desu ga), a polite way to make a request, meaning 'it would be grateful if you could do X'. The full sentence means 'A: Excuse me, regarding next week's 2 PM meeting, I have another engagement at that time, so if it's convenient for you, would it be possible to change it to after 4 PM? B: That's fine with us.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) ありがたいんですが

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

3) 4時以降に

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

4) よろしければ

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

Question 47

47) 20 年前に初めてこの歌手の歌を聴いたとき、 ___  ___ ___ _★_

1.1) と思った
2.2) よく覚えている Correct
3.3) のを
4.4) なんと美しい声なんだろう
Correct Answer: 2. 2) よく覚えている
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

The correct order is: なんと美しい声なんだろう と思った のを <u>よく覚えている</u>. The grammar point is ～のを覚えている (no o oboeteiru), meaning 'I remember X'. The full sentence means 'When I first heard this singer's song 20 years ago, I clearly remember thinking, 'What a beautiful voice!''

Why other options are incorrect:
1) と思った

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

3) のを

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

4) なんと美しい声なんだろう

This word is part of the correct sentence but not the one that fits the star position.

問題 9次の文章を読んで、文章全体の内容を考えて、48 から 51 の中に入る最もよいものを、1·2·3·4 から一つ選びなさい。

4 questions

Reading Passage

以下は、留学生の作文である。

「落語」体験
バラージベーテル

今回、留学生センターで行われた文化体験のテーマは「落語」だった。落語は日本の伝統的な芸能の一つだ。着物を着た落語家が舞台に正座したまま、一人で何役も演じ、語って聞かせる。たいていは、面白く、おかしい話だ。私の国には演劇はあるが、落語のようなものはない。

私は、文化体験が落語だと知って、実はがっかりした。以前、ある落語を授業で読んだが、あまり面白いと【48】話をただ聞いているのは退屈だろうと思ったし、聞き取れるかどうかも不安だった。

【49】落語を聞いている間、私はよく笑った。落語家の動作や声の出し方は本当に面白くて、場面の様子もよくわかった。しぐさや話し方を変えて、親と子供など二役以上を一人で演じ、会話を進める。座ったまま体を摇らして㑊いている樣子を見せ、家から店に移動したことを表す。食事の動作は、本当に何かを食べているようだった。

文化体験が終わったとき、落語の印象がすっかり変わっていた。落語とは、落語家の動作と語りを同時に【50】。私は、話の細部は理解できていなかったかもしれない。しかし、落語家の動作と語りを通して、登場人物の性格や暮らしが感じられた。それに、映像や音楽や踊りがなくても、生き生きと話を伝え、人を笑わせられる落語家の表現力にも感動した。

落語には、怖い話や感動的な話もあるそうだ。落語家は【51】をするのだろうか。ぜひいろいろな落語を聞いてみたい。
English Summary & Annotations
This is an essay by an international student about their Rakugo (落語: traditional Japanese comic storytelling) experience. The author initially felt disappointed when they learned the cultural experience would be Rakugo, as they had read a Rakugo story in class before and found it not very interesting, and were worried about understanding it. However, during the actual Rakugo performance, the author laughed a lot. They found the Rakugo performer's movements (動作: dousa) and voice changes (声の出し方: koe no dashikata) very amusing, and could clearly understand the scenes. The performer skillfully portrayed multiple roles (何役: nanyaku) by changing gestures (しぐさ: shigusa) and speaking styles, even conveying movement from home to a shop by swaying their body while seated. After the experience, the author's impression of Rakugo completely changed. They realized that Rakugo is something to be enjoyed by simultaneously appreciating the performer's movements and narration (語り: katari). Even if they didn't understand every detail, they could feel the characters' personalities (性格: seikaku) and lives (暮らし: kurashi) through the performance. The author was also impressed by the Rakugo performer's expressive power (表現力: hyougenryoku) to convey stories vividly and make people laugh without relying on visuals, music, or dance. The author heard that Rakugo also includes scary and moving stories and wonders what kind of expressions (表現: hyougen) Rakugo performers use for those, expressing a desire to listen to various Rakugo stories.
Question 48

【48】

1.1) 思えなかったまでだ
2.2) 思えなかったほどだ
3.3) 思えなかっただけだ
4.4) 思えなかったからだ Correct
Correct Answer: 4. 4) 思えなかったからだ
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

The sentence before the blank states that the author read a Rakugo story in class, and the sentence after the blank states that they thought just listening to the story would be boring and they were worried about understanding it. The phrase 'あまり面白いと【48】' should explain *why* they thought it would be boring. '思えなかったからだ' (omoenakatta kara da) means 'because I couldn't find it very interesting'. This provides a reason for their negative expectation. The full phrase is 'あまり面白いと思えなかったからだ' (because I couldn't find it very interesting).

Why other options are incorrect:
1) 思えなかったまでだ

～までだ (made da) means 'it's just that' or 'it's only that', which doesn't fit the causal relationship here.

2) 思えなかったほどだ

～ほどだ (hodo da) means 'to the extent that' or 'so much that', which doesn't fit the causal relationship here.

3) 思えなかっただけだ

～だけだ (dake da) means 'it's only that' or 'it's merely that', which doesn't fit the causal relationship here.

Question 49

【49】

1.1) しかも
2.2) すなわち
3.3) ところが Correct
4.4) したがって
Correct Answer: 3. 3) ところが
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

The paragraph before the blank expresses the author's negative expectations (disappointment, boredom, anxiety about understanding). The paragraph after the blank describes a positive experience (laughing a lot, finding it interesting). Therefore, a conjunction that indicates a contrast or unexpected turn of events is needed. ところが (tokoroga) means 'however', 'nevertheless', or 'surprisingly', which perfectly fits this shift in sentiment. The sentence means 'However, while listening to Rakugo, I laughed a lot.'

Why other options are incorrect:
1) しかも

しかも means 'moreover' or 'furthermore', used to add more information that supports the previous statement.

2) すなわち

すなわち means 'that is to say' or 'in other words', used to rephrase or clarify.

4) したがって

したがって means 'therefore' or 'consequently', used to indicate a logical conclusion.

Question 50

【50】

1.1) 楽しむものなのだ Correct
2.2) 楽しむはずなのだ
3.3) 楽しむようにするのだ
4.4) 楽しむことになったのだ
Correct Answer: 1. 1) 楽しむものなのだ
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

The sentence states that the author's impression of Rakugo completely changed, and then defines what Rakugo 'is'. '楽しむものなのだ' (tanoshimu mono na no da) means 'it is something to be enjoyed'. This expresses a realization or a general truth about Rakugo based on the author's experience. The full sentence means 'Rakugo is something to be enjoyed by simultaneously appreciating the performer's movements and narration.'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) 楽しむはずなのだ

～はずだ (hazu da) means 'it is expected to be' or 'it should be', which implies an expectation, not a direct realization of what it is.

3) 楽しむようにするのだ

～ようにする (you ni suru) means 'to make an effort to do X' or 'to try to do X', which doesn't fit the definition of Rakugo itself.

4) 楽しむことになったのだ

～ことになった (koto ni natta) means 'it was decided that X' or 'it came to be that X', which implies a decision or a change in situation, not a general characteristic.

Question 51

【51】

1.1) どんな表現 Correct
2.2) その表現
3.3) 表現
4.4) こういう表現
Correct Answer: 1. 1) どんな表現
Detailed Explanation
Why this is correct:

The sentence before the blank mentions that Rakugo also has scary and moving stories. The sentence after the blank expresses the author's desire to listen to various Rakugo stories. The question '落語家は【51】をするのだろうか' asks about the *type* of expression used for these different kinds of stories. 'どんな表現' (donna hyougen) means 'what kind of expression'. This fits perfectly, as the author is curious about the methods used for different genres. The full sentence means 'What kind of expressions do Rakugo performers use?'

Why other options are incorrect:
2) その表現

その表現 means 'that expression', referring to a specific, already mentioned expression, which is not the case here.

3) 表現

表現 (hyougen) alone means 'expression', but without どんな, it doesn't form a question about the *type* of expression.

4) こういう表現

こういう表現 means 'this kind of expression', referring to a specific type already discussed, which is not the case here.