Japanese Passive Voice Complete Guide: All Forms Explained
Master Japanese passive voice (受身形) with this complete guide. Learn direct passive, indirect passive, suffering passive, and passive honorifics for JLPT N4-N2.
The Japanese passive voice (受身形/うけみけい) works differently from English - and includes unique forms like the 'suffering passive' that don't exist in Western languages. This guide covers all passive forms with clear examples and JLPT-ready explanations.
Passive Conjugation Rules
How to form the passive voice depends on verb group.
Group 1: Change -u to -a + れる
N4Godan verbs change final vowel and add れる
💡 Change u-ending to a-ending, then add れる
Group 2: Drop る + られる
N4Ichidan verbs drop る and add られる
💡 Same form as potential! Context determines meaning.
Irregular: する → される / 来る → 来られる
N4Irregular passive forms
💡 来られる often carries suffering passive nuance
Direct Passive (直接受身)
Standard passive like English - the direct object becomes the subject.
AはBに [passive verb]
N4A was [verb]ed by B
💡 Use に for animate agents, によって for organizations/abstract causes
Suffering Passive (迷惑の受身)
Uniquely Japanese - expresses that someone was negatively affected by an action.
AはBに [something]を [passive verb]
N3A was adversely affected when B did [something]
💡 Even intransitive verbs (die, cry, rain) can be passive when expressing suffering
Passive for Respect (受身敬語)
Passive form used to show respect when talking about someone else's actions.
[Respected person] は [passive verb]
N3[Respected person] does [verb] (respectfully)
💡 Common in business Japanese. Context (respected person as subject) clarifies meaning.
Causative-Passive (使役受身)
Combines causative and passive - being made to do something unwillingly.
Verb stem + させられる
N3Be made to do [verb]
💡 Shortened form for Group 1: 行かせられる → 行かされる
💡 Usage Tips
- Suffering passive is very common in daily Japanese
- When in doubt, check if the speaker is negatively affected
- Passive honorifics sound less stiff than お〜になる forms
- Group 2 passive = potential - use context to distinguish
⚠️ Common Mistakes
Use に for the agent in passive sentences, not を
If YOUR foot was stepped on, use passive to show you were the victim
Causative-passive only has one ら - させられる, not させれられる
Suffering passive implies negative impact - don't use it for good things
📝 Practice Exercises
1. What is the passive form of 読む (to read)?
2. Which sentence uses suffering passive correctly?
3. What does 彼女に泣かれた mean?
